Women’s Spirituality, Lived Religion, and Social Reform in Finland, 1860-1920 Abstract. In the 19th century, women contributed to social work based on revivalist religious values. They founded orphanages, deaconess institutes and shelters for ‚fallen women.‛ Even in the Lutheran, very homogenous context of Finland, the question of gender and religion was a multi-faceted issue. Religious reform movements both empowered women and defined proper fields of activity for both sexes. The Christian framework fostered several understandings of women’s calling. The Deaconess Institute of Helsinki, founded in 1867, offered one interpretation of a woman’s calling. Emma Mäkinen, who founded a shelter for ‚fallen women‛ in 1880, represented an alternative interpretation of a woman’s calling. The third understanding can be found in the women’s rights movement and in the White Ribbon. Both movements consisted of middle-class women who worked on a broad program ranging from moral reform to political participation.
Women’s Spirituality, Lived Religion, and Social Reform in Finland, 1860-1920.

Perichoresis

Volum 2 | Număr 9 | Publicat la 10/10/2011 | Pagini:  143 - 182 | ISSN  1224-984x

Autori:
PIRJO MARKKOLA [1]
[1] University of Jyväskylä
Rezumat
Abstract. In the 19th century, women contributed to social work based on revivalist religious values. They founded orphanages, deaconess institutes and shelters for ‚fallen women.‛ Even in the Lutheran, very homogenous context of Finland, the question of gender and religion was a multi-faceted issue. Religious reform movements both empowered women and defined proper fields of activity for both sexes. The Christian framework fostered several understandings of women’s calling. The Deaconess Institute of Helsinki, founded in 1867, offered one interpretation of a woman’s calling. Emma Mäkinen, who founded a shelter for ‚fallen women‛ in 1880, represented an alternative interpretation of a woman’s calling. The third understanding can be found in the women’s rights movement and in the White Ribbon. Both movements consisted of middle-class women who worked on a broad program ranging from moral reform to political participation.
Cuvinte cheie:
Gender, calling, deaconate, revivalism, social reform
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